Author
Imago TeamMaintainer
Shaonlee Patranabis
License
CC-BY-NC-4.0
Version
0.1.0
Type
Dataset
Created
December 10, 2025 at 1:09 PM UTC
Modified
December 10, 2025 at 4:09 PM UTC
Resources
2
Cloud probability statistics per small area in 2024
Beta version
Resources
Metadata
Constraints None
Content The dataset contains the annual cloud probability for each small area (LSOAs in England and Wales, Data Zones in Scotland, Small Areas in Northern Ireland). This data is provided in two distinct formats: a CSV file, which contains the tabular data; and a GPKG file, a geospatial format that combines the tabular data with the boundary geometries.
CRS EPSG:27700, OSGB36/British National Grid
Data quality Cloud probability estimates are derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery which provides global coverage; this product focuses on the United Kingdom. Further details on the methodology are available in the upcoming technical report. It is important to note that the underlying input data has a spatial resolution of 20-metres, and cloud probability estimates are aggregated to small area boundaries, which vary substantially in geographic area. Users should consult the Sentinel-2 Data Quality Report (https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/685211/Sentinel-2-L1C-Data-Quality-Report-September-2020.pdf) for further information on known quality limitations and uncertainties in the source imagery. **IMPORTANT** - This version is released as beta. This means that, although we have applied our quality standard in its production, we are still assessing its overall quality and identifying minor issues that need resolution before a more stable version can be released. As soon as we are ready, we will issue a new release. Please check https://imago.ac.uk for news and updates.
Lineage The underlying methods and source information used to construct the dataset are documented in the upcoming technical report. Cloud probability is derived from Sentinel-2 Level-2A Bottom-of-Atmosphere (BOA) surface reflectance imagery, Collection 1, accessed via Element84 Earth Search STAC API (https://earth-search.aws.element84.com/v1), covering the period 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024. Data is processed at 20-metre spatial resolution. A composite of individual scenes from the scene classification layer (SCL)(https://custom-scripts.sentinel-hub.com/custom-scripts/sentinel-2/scene-classification/), acquired over the full calendar year was used to generate annual cloud probability estimates . To reduce spatial artifacts arising from urban features and algorithmic misclassification at building boundaries as well as temporal gaps between different satellite orbites, a spatial smoothing approach was applied using acquisition-weighted neighbourhood convolution (21×21 pixel kernel) followed by adjustment using linear regression residuals. The small area aggregation was performed using exact pixel-area weighting to account for partial pixel-boundary intersections. All processing was conducted by the Imago Team.
Source Imago: Data Service for Imagery
Spatial coverage United Kingdom
Spatial resolution Small area (LSOA / Data Zone / Small Area)
Temporal coverage 01-01-2024:31-12-2024
Temporal resolution annual
Activity stream
Modified: December 10, 2025 at 4:09 PM UTC
Changed
extras
Previous
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{
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"value": "The dataset contains the annual cloud probability for each small area (LSOAs in England and Wales, Data Zones in Scotland, Small Areas in Northern Ireland). This data is provided in two distinct formats: a CSV file, which contains the tabular data; and a GPKG file, a geospatial format that combines the tabular data with the boundary geometries."
},
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{
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"value": "Cloud probability estimates are derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery which provides global coverage; this product focuses on the United Kingdom. Further details on the methodology are available in the upcoming technical report. It is important to note that the underlying input data has a spatial resolution of 20-metres, and cloud probability estimates are aggregated to small area boundaries, which vary substantially in geographic area. Users should consult the Sentinel-2 Data Quality Report (https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/685211/Sentinel-2-L1C-Data-Quality-Report-September-2020.pdf) for further information on known quality limitations and uncertainties in the source imagery. **IMPORTANT** - This version is released as beta. This means that, although we have applied our quality standard in its production, we are still assessing its overall quality and identifying minor issues that need resolution before a more stable version can be released. As soon as we are ready, we will issue a new release. Please check https://imago.ac.uk for news and updates."
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{
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{
"key": "content",
"value": "The dataset contains the annual cloud probability for each small area (LSOAs in England and Wales, Data Zones in Scotland, Small Areas in Northern Ireland). This data is provided in two distinct formats: a CSV file, which contains the tabular data; and a GPKG file, a geospatial format that combines the tabular data with the boundary geometries."
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"key": "data_quality",
"value": "Cloud probability estimates are derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery which provides global coverage; this product focuses on the United Kingdom. Further details on the methodology are available in the upcoming technical report. It is important to note that the underlying input data has a spatial resolution of 20-metres, and cloud probability estimates are aggregated to small area boundaries, which vary substantially in geographic area. Users should consult the Sentinel-2 Data Quality Report (https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/685211/Sentinel-2-L1C-Data-Quality-Report-September-2020.pdf) for further information on known quality limitations and uncertainties in the source imagery. **IMPORTANT** - This version is released as beta. This means that, although we have applied our quality standard in its production, we are still assessing its overall quality and identifying minor issues that need resolution before a more stable version can be released. As soon as we are ready, we will issue a new release. Please check https://imago.ac.uk for news and updates."
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] Modified: December 10, 2025 at 3:01 PM UTC
Changed
extras
Previous
[
{
"key": "constraints",
"value": "None"
},
{
"key": "content",
"value": "The dataset contains the annual cloud probability for each small area (LSOAs in England and Wales, Data Zones in Scotland, Small Areas in Northern Ireland). This data is provided in two distinct formats: a CSV file, which contains the tabular data; and a GPKG file, a geospatial format that combines the tabular data with the boundary geometries."
},
{
"key": "crs",
"value": "EPSG:27700, OSGB36/British National Grid"
},
{
"key": "data_quality",
"value": "Cloud probability estimates are derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery which provides global coverage; this product focuses on the United Kingdom. Further details on the methodology are available in the upcoming technical report. It is important to note that the underlying input data has a spatial resolution of 20-metres, and cloud probability estimates are aggregated to small area boundaries, which vary substantially in geographic area. Users should consult the Sentinel-2 Data Quality Report (https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/685211/Sentinel-2-L1C-Data-Quality-Report-September-2020.pdf) for further information on known quality limitations and uncertainties in the source imagery. **IMPORTANT** - This version is released as beta. This means that, although we have applied our quality standard in its production, we are still assessing its overall quality and identifying minor issues that need resolution before a more stable version can be released. As soon as we are ready, we will issue a new release. Please check https://imago.ac.uk for news and updates. **IMPORTANT** - This version is released as beta. This means that, although we have applied our quality standard in its production, we are still assessing its overall quality and identifying minor issues that need resolution before a more stable version can be released. As soon as we are ready, we will issue a new release. Please check https://imago.ac.uk for news and updates."
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{
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{
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] Modified: December 10, 2025 at 2:35 PM UTC
Changed
extras
Previous
[
{
"key": "constraints",
"value": "None"
},
{
"key": "content",
"value": "The dataset contains the annual cloud probability for each small area (LSOAs in England and Wales, Data Zones in Scotland, Small Areas in Northern Ireland). This data is provided in two distinct formats: a CSV file, which contains the tabular data; and a GPKG file, a geospatial format that combines the tabular data with the boundary geometries."
},
{
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{
"key": "data_quality",
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{
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{
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{
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] Modified: December 10, 2025 at 1:59 PM UTC
Changed
private
Previous
true Current
false Modified: December 10, 2025 at 1:58 PM UTC
Changed
extras
Previous
[
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{
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{
"key": "data_quality",
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{
"key": "content",
"value": "The dataset contains the annual cloud probability for each small area (LSOAs in England and Wales, Data Zones in Scotland, Small Areas in Northern Ireland). This data is provided in two distinct formats: a CSV file, which contains the tabular data; and a GPKG file, a geospatial format that combines the tabular data with the boundary geometries."
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},
{
"key": "temporal_resolution",
"value": "annual"
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] Modified: December 10, 2025 at 1:50 PM UTC
Changed
notes
Previous
This dataset provides the annual mean cloud probability (%) aggregated to small area geographies across the United Kingdom: Lower layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs) for England and Wales, Data Zones for Scotland, and Small Areas for Northern Ireland. The underlying source data is derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery processed at 20-metre spatial resolution from individual scenes covering a year. The aggregation was performed using 2021 boundaries by calculating the weighted mean of all pixels falling within each small area geography using exact pixel-area weighting along with corrections for spatial and temporal artefacts. Current
This dataset provides the annual mean cloud probability (%) aggregated to small area geographies across the United Kingdom: Lower layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs) for England and Wales, Data Zones for Scotland, and Small Areas for Northern Ireland. The underlying source data is derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery processed at 20-metre spatial resolution from individual scenes covering a year. The aggregation was performed using 2021 boundaries by calculating the weighted mean of all pixels falling within each small area geography using exact pixel-area weighting along with corrections for spatial and temporal artefacts.
**IMPORTANT** - This is a beta version of the data product. We have released it as a preview to allow users exploration and experimentation while we perform final quality assurance and additional checks. If you encounter any issue or have questions, please get in touch with us at [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) We will shortly be releasing a more stable version. Please check [https://imago.ac.uk](https://imago.ac.uk) for news and updates. Modified: December 10, 2025 at 1:16 PM UTC
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author
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Imago Team license_id
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CC-BY-NC-4.0 license_title
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CC-BY-NC-4.0 maintainer
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Shaonlee Patranabis maintainer_email
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notes
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This dataset provides the annual mean cloud probability (%) aggregated to small area geographies across the United Kingdom: Lower layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs) for England and Wales, Data Zones for Scotland, and Small Areas for Northern Ireland. The underlying source data is derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery processed at 20-metre spatial resolution from individual scenes covering a year. The aggregation was performed using 2021 boundaries by calculating the weighted mean of all pixels falling within each small area geography using exact pixel-area weighting along with corrections for spatial and temporal artefacts. version
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extras
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{
"key": "constraints",
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{
"key": "crs",
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{
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{
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{
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{
"key": "constraints",
"value": "None"
},
{
"key": "content",
"value": "The dataset contains the annual cloud probability for each small area (LSOAs in England and Wales, Data Zones in Scotland, Small Areas in Northern Ireland). This data is provided in two distinct formats: a CSV file, which contains the tabular data; and a GPKG file, a geospatial format that combines the tabular data with the boundary geometries."
},
{
"key": "crs",
"value": "EPSG:27700, OSGB36/British National Grid"
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{
"key": "data_quality",
"value": "Cloud probability estimates are derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery which provides global coverage; this product focuses on the United Kingdom. Further details on the methodology are available in the upcoming technical report. It is important to note that the underlying input data has a spatial resolution of 20-metres, and cloud probability estimates are aggregated to small area boundaries, which vary substantially in geographic area. Users should consult the Sentinel-2 Data Quality Report (https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/documents/247904/685211/Sentinel-2-L1C-Data-Quality-Report-September-2020.pdf) for further information on known quality limitations and uncertainties in the source imagery."
},
{
"key": "data_source",
"value": ""
},
{
"key": "file_id",
"value": ""
},
{
"key": "lineage",
"value": "The underlying methods and source information used to construct the dataset are documented in the upcoming technical report. Cloud probability is derived from Sentinel-2 Level-2A Bottom-of-Atmosphere (BOA) surface reflectance imagery, Collection 1, accessed via Element84 Earth Search STAC API (https://earth-search.aws.element84.com/v1), covering the period 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024. Data is processed at 20-metre spatial resolution. A composite of individual scenes acquired over the full calendar year was used to generate annual cloud probability estimates using cloud mask classification layers. To reduce spatial artifacts arising from urban features and algorithmic misclassification at building boundaries as well as artefacts from orbit granules, a spatial smoothing approach was applied using acquisition-weighted neighbourhood convolution (21×21 pixel kernel) followed by adjustment using linear regression residuals. The small area aggregation was performed using exact pixel-area weighting to account for partial pixel-boundary intersections. All processing was conducted by the Imago Team."
},
{
"key": "size",
"value": ""
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{
"key": "source",
"value": "Imago: Data Service for Imagery"
},
{
"key": "spatial_coverage",
"value": "United Kingdom"
},
{
"key": "spatial_resolution",
"value": "Small area (LSOA / Data Zone / Small Area)"
},
{
"key": "temporal_coverage",
"value": "01-01-2024:31-12-2024"
},
{
"key": "temporal_resolution",
"value": "annual"
}
]